Peptide Database
86 therapeutic peptides with research summaries, clinical findings, and regulatory status.
BPC-157
A synthetic gastric pentadecapeptide derived from a protein found in human gastric juice. BPC-157 promotes angiogenesis and the expression of growth factors including VEGF, EGF, and NO-mediated pathways. It has demonstrated cytoprotective and wound-healing properties across multiple tissue types in preclinical models, including tendon, muscle, ligament, and gastrointestinal mucosa.
GHK-Cu
A naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) found in human plasma, saliva, and urine. GHK-Cu activates tissue remodeling by stimulating collagen synthesis, glycosaminoglycan production, and angiogenesis while suppressing fibrinogen synthesis. It modulates the activity of matrix metalloproteinases and influences over 4,000 genes related to tissue repair.
DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide)
A naturally occurring nonapeptide (Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu) originally isolated from cerebral venous blood of rabbits during induced sleep. DSIP modulates sleep architecture by promoting delta wave (slow-wave) sleep through interactions with the GABAergic system and hypothalamic sleep centers. It also exhibits stress-protective, analgesic, and neuromodulatory properties.
P21 (Peptide)
A small synthetic peptide derived from the active region of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) designed to promote neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. P21 is a tetrapeptide that crosses the blood-brain barrier and enhances dentate gyrus neurogenesis by increasing BDNF expression. Unlike full-length CNTF, P21 does not activate the JAK-STAT pathway or produce the anorectic and immunogenic effects of the parent protein.
Epithalon (Epitalon)
A synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) based on the natural epithalamin peptide produced by the pineal gland. Epithalon activates telomerase, the enzyme responsible for maintaining telomere length, thereby potentially extending cellular replicative capacity. It also stimulates melatonin production and modulates neuroendocrine system function associated with aging.
MOTS-c
A mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded by the 12S rRNA gene of mitochondrial DNA. MOTS-c is a 16-amino acid peptide that acts as an exercise mimetic by activating AMPK and regulating metabolic homeostasis. It translocates to the nucleus under metabolic stress to regulate nuclear gene expression related to glucose metabolism and cellular stress responses.
Humanin
A 24-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded within the 16S rRNA region of mitochondrial DNA. Humanin exerts cytoprotective and neuroprotective effects by interacting with IGFBP-3, BAX, and the FPRL-1 receptor. It inhibits apoptosis through suppression of the intrinsic mitochondrial death pathway and reduces amyloid-beta-induced neurotoxicity.
FOXO4-DRI
A D-retro-inverso peptide designed to disrupt the interaction between FOXO4 and p53 in senescent cells. In senescent cells, FOXO4 sequesters p53 away from mitochondria, preventing p53-mediated apoptosis and enabling senescent cell survival. FOXO4-DRI competitively binds p53, releasing it to trigger selective apoptosis of senescent cells while sparing healthy cells, functioning as a senolytic agent.
LL-37
The only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, a 37-amino acid cationic peptide cleaved from the precursor protein hCAP18. LL-37 disrupts microbial membranes through electrostatic interactions and exerts broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses. Beyond direct antimicrobial effects, it modulates innate immunity by recruiting immune cells, promoting angiogenesis, and regulating inflammatory cytokine release.
Thymulin
A zinc-containing nonapeptide (facteur thymique serique) produced exclusively by thymic epithelial cells. Thymulin requires zinc for biological activity and promotes T-lymphocyte differentiation, maturation, and function. Circulating thymulin levels decline progressively with age in parallel with thymic involution, and zinc deficiency independently impairs thymulin activity, linking nutritional status to immune competence.
KPV
A C-terminal tripeptide fragment (Lys-Pro-Val) of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) that retains potent anti-inflammatory activity without melanogenic effects. KPV inhibits NF-kB nuclear translocation and reduces production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6. It penetrates cell membranes and directly interacts with inflammatory signaling cascades, making it effective topically and orally for mucosal inflammation.
Melanotan II
A synthetic cyclic analog of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) that non-selectively activates melanocortin receptors MC1R through MC5R. Melanotan II stimulates melanogenesis for skin tanning via MC1R, modulates sexual arousal through MC3R/MC4R in the hypothalamus, and reduces appetite through central MC4R activation. It is not FDA-approved and carries significant safety concerns.
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)
An endogenous fatty acid amide belonging to the N-acylethanolamine family, naturally produced by cells in response to tissue damage and inflammation. PEA acts primarily through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-alpha), downregulating mast cell activation and pro-inflammatory mediator release. It also modulates the endocannabinoid system via the entourage effect, enhancing anandamide activity at CB1/CB2 receptors and TRPV1 channels without directly binding cannabinoid receptors.