Peptide Database
265 therapeutic peptides with research summaries, clinical findings, and regulatory status.
Semaglutide (Ozempic/Wegovy)
A glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) with 94% amino acid homology to native GLP-1. Semaglutide enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon, delays gastric emptying, and acts on hypothalamic GLP-1 receptors to reduce appetite. Its fatty acid side chain enables albumin binding, extending its half-life to approximately 7 days.
Tirzepatide (Mounjaro/Zepbound)
A first-in-class dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and GLP-1 receptor agonist. Tirzepatide activates both incretin pathways simultaneously, producing superior glycemic control and weight loss compared to selective GLP-1 RAs. The dual mechanism enhances insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism beyond what either pathway achieves alone.
Retatrutide
An investigational triple hormone receptor agonist targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors simultaneously. The glucagon receptor component adds thermogenic energy expenditure and hepatic lipid mobilization to the incretin-mediated appetite suppression and insulin sensitization. This triple mechanism addresses obesity through complementary metabolic pathways.
AOD-9604
A modified 16-amino acid fragment (amino acids 176-191) of the C-terminus of human growth hormone with an added tyrosine at the N-terminus. AOD-9604 retains the lipolytic activity of hGH without its growth-promoting or diabetogenic effects. It stimulates lipolysis and inhibits lipogenesis through a mechanism distinct from the GH receptor, acting on beta-3 adrenergic receptors in adipose tissue.
Liraglutide (Saxenda/Victoza)
A GLP-1 receptor agonist with 97% homology to native GLP-1, modified with a fatty acid side chain (C-16 palmitoyl) enabling albumin binding and a half-life of approximately 13 hours. Liraglutide enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon, delays gastric emptying, and promotes satiety through hypothalamic GLP-1R activation. It was the first GLP-1 RA approved for chronic weight management.
Exenatide (Byetta/Bydureon)
A synthetic version of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide originally isolated from the saliva of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide shares 53% homology with human GLP-1 and is resistant to DPP-4 degradation. It activates GLP-1 receptors to enhance insulin secretion, suppress glucagon, slow gastric emptying, and promote beta-cell preservation.
Glucagon
A 29-amino acid peptide hormone produced by alpha cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Glucagon acts primarily on hepatocytes via the glucagon receptor (GCGR), a G-protein-coupled receptor that activates adenylyl cyclase, increasing cAMP and triggering glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to raise blood glucose. It also relaxes smooth muscle of the GI tract and has positive inotropic and chronotropic cardiac effects.
Pramlintide (Symlin)
A synthetic analog of amylin (islet amyloid polypeptide), a 37-amino acid peptide hormone co-secreted with insulin from pancreatic beta cells. Pramlintide has three proline substitutions that prevent amyloid fibril formation while retaining amylin receptor activity. It slows gastric emptying, suppresses postprandial glucagon secretion, and promotes satiety via area postrema activation, complementing insulin therapy in diabetes management.
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
A long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist consisting of a GLP-1 analog covalently linked to a modified human IgG4 Fc fragment via a peptide linker. This fusion protein design increases molecular size to reduce renal clearance and enables FcRn-mediated recycling, producing a half-life of approximately 5 days suitable for once-weekly dosing. Dulaglutide activates pancreatic GLP-1 receptors to enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion and suppress glucagon.
Lixisenatide (Adlyxin)
A selective GLP-1 receptor agonist derived from exendin-4 with a modified C-terminal tail containing six lysine residues. Lixisenatide has a half-life of approximately 3 hours and primarily reduces postprandial glucose through potent delay of gastric emptying rather than fasting glucose reduction. It is designed for once-daily use as an add-on to basal insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes.
Setmelanotide (Imcivree)
A cyclic peptide melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist designed to restore MC4R signaling in patients with obesity caused by genetic deficiencies in the leptin-melanocortin pathway. Setmelanotide bypasses upstream defects in POMC, PCSK1, or LEPR genes by directly activating MC4R, reducing hunger and increasing energy expenditure. It represents one of the first precision medicines for genetically defined obesity.
Orforglipron
Orforglipron is a non-peptide, oral small-molecule glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist designed to overcome the need for injectable delivery. It activates the GLP-1 receptor to enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppress glucagon release, and slow gastric emptying. The therapeutic rationale centers on improving adherence in type 2 diabetes and obesity management by providing once-daily oral dosing as an alternative to injectable GLP-1 receptor agonists.
Mazdutide
Mazdutide is a dual glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon receptor agonist delivered as a synthetic peptide. By co-activating both receptors, it aims to combine the glucose-lowering and weight-reducing effects of GLP-1 with the energy-expenditure and hepatic fat-reducing actions of glucagon receptor stimulation. This dual mechanism is hypothesized to provide enhanced metabolic benefits in obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.
Survodutide
Survodutide is a dual agonist targeting both the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon receptors, formulated as a peptide for subcutaneous administration. The compound is designed to leverage GLP-1-mediated glucose control and appetite suppression alongside glucagon-driven increases in energy expenditure and reduction of hepatic steatosis. It is being investigated for type 2 diabetes, obesity, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.
CagriSema
CagriSema is a fixed-ratio combination of cagrilintide, an amylin analog, and semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, both delivered as peptides via subcutaneous injection. Cagrilintide acts on amylin receptors to reduce appetite and slow gastric emptying, while semaglutide enhances insulin secretion and suppresses glucagon. The combination is intended to achieve greater weight loss than either agent alone in the treatment of obesity.
Amycretin
Amycretin is a dual agonist targeting both the amylin and calcitonin receptors, designed as a peptide therapeutic for obesity. Amylin receptor activation reduces food intake and delays gastric emptying, while calcitonin receptor engagement may further contribute to appetite suppression and weight loss. The compound represents a novel approach distinct from GLP-1-based therapies.
Efinopegdutide
Efinopegdutide is a long-acting dual agonist of the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors, utilizing PEGylation to extend half-life and enable once-weekly dosing. The compound combines GLP-1-mediated glycemic control and appetite reduction with glucagon-driven energy expenditure and hepatic fat mobilization. It is under investigation for obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.
Danuglipron
Danuglipron is an oral, non-peptide small-molecule agonist of the GLP-1 receptor developed to provide convenient daily dosing for type 2 diabetes and obesity. It mimics the effects of endogenous GLP-1 by enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon, and slowing gastric emptying. The small-molecule structure enables oral bioavailability without the need for injection.
Ecnoglutide
Ecnoglutide is a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide designed for once-weekly subcutaneous administration. It acts by enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion, reducing glucagon levels, and delaying gastric emptying to improve glycemic control and promote weight loss. The extended half-life is achieved through structural modifications that resist enzymatic degradation and renal clearance.
Cotadutide
Cotadutide is a dual agonist of the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors formulated as a peptide for subcutaneous injection. It is designed to harness GLP-1-mediated improvements in glucose homeostasis and satiety alongside glucagon receptor activation to enhance energy expenditure and reduce hepatic fat. Primary indications under investigation include obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.
Glepaglutide
Glepaglutide is a long-acting GLP-2 receptor agonist peptide developed for the treatment of short bowel syndrome. GLP-2 promotes intestinal growth, enhances nutrient and fluid absorption, and reduces gastric secretion, thereby improving intestinal function in patients with compromised bowel length. The compound is administered subcutaneously to sustain therapeutic effects over extended intervals.
Apraglutide
Apraglutide is a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) receptor agonist designed to promote intestinal growth and improve absorption in patients with short bowel syndrome. The peptide analogue shares structural homology with native GLP-2 but incorporates modifications that extend its half-life and enhance resistance to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 degradation. By binding to GLP-2 receptors in the intestinal epithelium, apraglutide stimulates crypt cell proliferation and reduces gastric emptying and secretion, supporting adaptive intestinal function.
Teduglutide (Gattex)
Teduglutide is a recombinant analogue of human glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) comprising 33 amino acids with a single amino acid substitution that confers resistance to enzymatic degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-4. This GLP-2 receptor agonist enhances intestinal epithelial barrier function, promotes mucosal growth, and increases mesenteric blood flow, thereby improving nutrient and fluid absorption. The therapeutic rationale centers on reducing dependence on parenteral nutrition in patients with short bowel syndrome by augmenting remnant bowel adaptive capacity.
Beinaglutide
Beinaglutide is a recombinant glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist engineered with structural modifications to prolong plasma half-life and improve metabolic stability. The peptide activates GLP-1 receptors on pancreatic beta cells, stimulating glucose-dependent insulin secretion while suppressing glucagon release, delaying gastric emptying, and promoting satiety. Its mechanism targets multiple pathways involved in glycemic control, making it suitable for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Albiglutide (Tanzeum)
Albiglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist consisting of a tandem repeat of modified human GLP-1 sequences fused to human albumin, creating a protein of approximately 73 kilodaltons with extended pharmacokinetic properties. The albumin fusion technology allows for once-weekly dosing by delaying renal clearance and protecting the peptide from enzymatic degradation. By activating GLP-1 receptors, albiglutide enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion and suppresses inappropriate glucagon release in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Taspoglutide
Taspoglutide is a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist derived from human GLP-1 with amino acid substitutions designed to resist dipeptidyl peptidase-4 degradation and extend duration of action. The peptide activates pancreatic GLP-1 receptors to promote glucose-dependent insulin secretion, inhibit glucagon release, and slow gastric emptying. Its structural modifications were intended to support once-weekly administration for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Pemvidutide
Pemvidutide is a dual receptor agonist targeting both glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon receptors, designed to combine the insulinotropic and appetite-suppressing effects of GLP-1 with the energy expenditure and lipolytic actions of glucagon. This balanced co-agonist strategy aims to achieve superior weight loss and metabolic benefits compared to GLP-1 monotherapy while mitigating the hyperglycemic effects of isolated glucagon receptor activation. The peptide architecture incorporates amino acid modifications to optimize receptor binding affinity and pharmacokinetic duration.
Cagrilintide
Cagrilintide is a long-acting amylin analogue engineered with structural modifications to extend half-life and enable once-weekly dosing for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Amylin is a 37-amino-acid neuroendocrine hormone co-secreted with insulin that reduces food intake by slowing gastric emptying, enhancing satiety, and modulating central appetite pathways. Cagrilintide selectively activates amylin receptors in the area postrema and other key brain regions involved in energy homeostasis.
Enlicitide
Enlicitide is an investigational peptide agonist designed to modulate metabolic pathways involved in energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Limited publicly available structural and mechanistic data suggest it may target incretin or related neuroendocrine pathways, though detailed receptor pharmacology has not been fully disclosed in the peer-reviewed literature. The compound is being explored for potential applications in obesity and metabolic disorders.