Retatrutide
Overview
An investigational triple hormone receptor agonist targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors simultaneously. The glucagon receptor component adds thermogenic energy expenditure and hepatic lipid mobilization to the incretin-mediated appetite suppression and insulin sensitization. This triple mechanism addresses obesity through complementary metabolic pathways.
Key Research Findings
Phase 2 trial (2023) showed up to 24.2% body weight reduction at 48 weeks, the largest weight loss reported for any anti-obesity medication. Significant improvements in liver fat content observed in NAFLD sub-study. Phase 3 trials (TRIUMPH program) ongoing.
Subcutaneous injection (weekly)
In Clinical Trials
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Tirzepatide (Mounjaro/Zepbound)
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AOD-9604
InvestigationalA modified 16-amino acid fragment (amino acids 176-191) of the C-terminus of human growth hormone with an added tyrosine at the N-terminus. AOD-9604 retains the lipolytic activity of hGH without its growth-promoting or diabetogenic effects. It stimulates lipolysis and inhibits lipogenesis through a mechanism distinct from the GH receptor, acting on beta-3 adrenergic receptors in adipose tissue.
Liraglutide (Saxenda/Victoza)
FDA ApprovedA GLP-1 receptor agonist with 97% homology to native GLP-1, modified with a fatty acid side chain (C-16 palmitoyl) enabling albumin binding and a half-life of approximately 13 hours. Liraglutide enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon, delays gastric emptying, and promotes satiety through hypothalamic GLP-1R activation. It was the first GLP-1 RA approved for chronic weight management.