Peptide Database
86 therapeutic peptides with research summaries, clinical findings, and regulatory status.
Epithalon (Epitalon)
A synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) based on the natural epithalamin peptide produced by the pineal gland. Epithalon activates telomerase, the enzyme responsible for maintaining telomere length, thereby potentially extending cellular replicative capacity. It also stimulates melatonin production and modulates neuroendocrine system function associated with aging.
MOTS-c
A mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded by the 12S rRNA gene of mitochondrial DNA. MOTS-c is a 16-amino acid peptide that acts as an exercise mimetic by activating AMPK and regulating metabolic homeostasis. It translocates to the nucleus under metabolic stress to regulate nuclear gene expression related to glucose metabolism and cellular stress responses.
Humanin
A 24-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded within the 16S rRNA region of mitochondrial DNA. Humanin exerts cytoprotective and neuroprotective effects by interacting with IGFBP-3, BAX, and the FPRL-1 receptor. It inhibits apoptosis through suppression of the intrinsic mitochondrial death pathway and reduces amyloid-beta-induced neurotoxicity.
NAD+ Precursors (NMN)
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a direct biosynthetic precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a coenzyme essential for cellular metabolism, DNA repair (via sirtuins and PARPs), and circadian rhythm regulation. NAD+ levels decline with age, and NMN supplementation restores tissue NAD+ levels, activating SIRT1-mediated pathways that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative stress resistance.
SS-31 (Elamipretide)
A mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide (D-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2) that selectively concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane by binding to cardiolipin. SS-31 stabilizes cytochrome c interactions with cardiolipin, optimizing electron transport chain efficiency and reducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. It restores mitochondrial bioenergetics in aged and diseased tissues without acting as a conventional antioxidant scavenger.
FOXO4-DRI
A D-retro-inverso peptide designed to disrupt the interaction between FOXO4 and p53 in senescent cells. In senescent cells, FOXO4 sequesters p53 away from mitochondria, preventing p53-mediated apoptosis and enabling senescent cell survival. FOXO4-DRI competitively binds p53, releasing it to trigger selective apoptosis of senescent cells while sparing healthy cells, functioning as a senolytic agent.