Thymalin
Overview
A peptide bioregulator originally extracted from bovine thymus gland, consisting of a mixture of polypeptides that modulate immune function. Thymalin restores T-cell mediated immunity by promoting T-lymphocyte maturation and differentiation in the thymus. It also normalizes the ratio of T-helper to T-suppressor cells and enhances phagocytic activity of neutrophils and macrophages.
Key Research Findings
Long-term clinical studies by Khavinson showed restoration of immune function in elderly patients and potential lifespan extension. Research in Russia demonstrated improved immune parameters in immunocompromised patients. Studies suggest synergistic effects with Epithalon on aging biomarkers (Khavinson & Morozov, Neuroendocrinology Letters, 2003).
Intramuscular injection
Investigational
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Thymosin Alpha 1 (Zadaxin)
InvestigationalA 28-amino acid peptide originally isolated from thymic tissue (thymosin fraction 5) that serves as a potent immunomodulator. Thymosin alpha 1 enhances T-cell maturation, dendritic cell function, and antibody responses by activating Toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR9) on innate immune cells. It promotes Th1 immune responses and augments vaccine efficacy while modulating inflammatory cytokine production.
Thymopentin (TP-5)
InvestigationalA synthetic pentapeptide (Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr) corresponding to residues 32-36 of thymopoietin, a thymic hormone involved in T-cell differentiation. Thymopentin stimulates early T-cell precursor differentiation and modulates mature T-cell function by enhancing IL-2 production and expression of T-cell surface markers. It partially restores immune function in immunocompromised states without the risks of whole thymic extracts.